tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41045920263814601682023-11-15T07:52:03.599-08:00loksankhya.blogspot.comjansankhya@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15957649016096301759noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4104592026381460168.post-10310275158545078422011-08-18T04:31:00.000-07:002011-08-18T04:31:22.562-07:00NABACHINTAN WELFARE SOCIETY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<div style="background-color: rgb(221, 141, 0) !important; background-image: none !important; color: #697335; direction: ltr; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font: normal normal normal 10pt/normal Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative !important;"><div id="sites-chrome-everything" style="background-image: none !important; color: #697335; font-family: arial !important; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: 1263px;"><div id="sites-chrome-page-wrapper" style="direction: ltr; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; width: 1136px;"><div id="sites-chrome-page-wrapper-inside"><div id="sites-chrome-header-wrapper" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(154, 120, 196) !important; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/themes/branches/hd-bg.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: initial !important; border-bottom-style: initial !important; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; height: auto !important; margin-top: 15px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><table cellspacing="0" class="sites-layout-hbox" id="sites-chrome-header" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent !important; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/themes/branches/branches.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; height: auto !important; table-layout: fixed; width: 1136px;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="sites-layout-sidebar-left" id="sites-chrome-sidebar-left" style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: top; width: 150px;"><div class="sites-embed" id="COMP_2bd" style="font-family: arial !important; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><h4 class="sites-embed-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; color: black; font-family: arial !important; font-size: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: left;">Navigationjj</h4><div class="sites-embed-content sites-sidebar-nav " style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; text-align: left;"><ul jotid="navList" style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="topLevel nav-first parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:7d385a16c8d80656"><div class="current-bg" dir="ltr" jotid="wuid:gx:7d385a16c8d80656" style="background-color: rgb(251, 206, 219) !important; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-left: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div>Josh Hai, Toh Hum Hai!</div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/home/hindi-version" jotid="wuid:gx:3e8d8264520626e" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="topLevel parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:1bec49e989a71812"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/objects" jotid="wuid:gx:1bec49e989a71812" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">1. Objects</a></div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/objects/hindi-version" jotid="wuid:gx:13dc79b783772c3f" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="topLevel parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:25cfe2a16a51f1dd"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/membership" jotid="wuid:gx:25cfe2a16a51f1dd" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">2. Membership</a></div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="parent closed" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:601259d107dc90b8"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -192px -3px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/membership/hindi-version" jotid="wuid:gx:601259d107dc90b8" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="topLevel parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:494c73c024a7c8c8"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/general-meeting" jotid="wuid:gx:494c73c024a7c8c8" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">3. General Meeting</a></div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/general-meeting/hindi-version" jotid="wuid:gx:6dfda531b6d3fa88" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="topLevel parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:2cd87a10e9e7df3e"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/executive-c" jotid="wuid:gx:2cd87a10e9e7df3e" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">4. Executive Committee</a></div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/executive-c/hindi-version" jotid="wuid:gx:61c8a988e6c64cf8" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="topLevel parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:74134c995b872d46"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/contact-us" jotid="wuid:gx:74134c995b872d46" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Contact Us</a></div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/contact-us/hindi-version" jotid="wuid:gx:145407bfc9e0c8de" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
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<li class="topLevel parent" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;" wuid="gx:25bd502f6b81486d"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 0px;"><div class="expander" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(https://ssl.gstatic.com/sites/p/6c03a6/system/app/images/tree_ltr.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: -194px -27px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 0px; width: 11px;"></div><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/rules-and-regulations" jotid="wuid:gx:25bd502f6b81486d" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">RULES AND REGULATIONS</a></div><ul style="line-height: 1.33em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="" style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 38px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/rules-and-regulations/rules" jotid="wuid:gx:6b751d7df4ec3367" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></div></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="topLevel" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/system/app/pages/sitemap/hierarchy" jotid="wuid:gx:6ef5c1a77de9dd08" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Sitemap</a></div></li>
<li class="topLevel" style="border-top-color: transparent; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px;"><div dir="ltr" style="padding-left: 19px;"><a class="sites-navigation-link topLevel" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/system/app/pages/recentChanges" jotid="wuid:gx:771346f11b0b2df3" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; display: block; font-weight: bold; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Recent site activity</a></div></li>
</ul></div></div><property name="chrome" type="element" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"></property></td><td id="sites-canvas-wrapper" style="padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 1px; vertical-align: top;"><div id="sites-canvas" style="background-color: rgb(255, 199, 152) !important; background-image: none !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important;"><div id="goog-ws-editor-toolbar-container"></div><div id="title-crumbs" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"></div><h3 align="left" id="sites-page-title-header" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: arial !important; font-size: 2.1em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span dir="ltr" id="sites-page-title" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; color: rgb(0, 0, 0) !important;">Josh Hai, Toh Hum Hai!</span></h3><div class="sites-canvas-main" id="sites-canvas-main" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important; min-height: 150px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 15px;"><div id="sites-canvas-main-content"><table cellspacing="0" class="sites-layout-name-one-column sites-layout-hbox" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; table-layout: fixed; width: 978px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><tbody>
<tr><td class="sites-layout-tile sites-tile-name-content-1" style="padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr"><b><u><span style="font-size: small;">NABACHINTAN WELFARE SOCIETY</span></u></b><span style="font-size: small;">, Teliamura is a <i>non-profitable voluntary organisation</i>. We are a group of young enthusiasts of Teliamura, who are trying hard to contribute something to our society. We are working in various fields of <i><b>Community Development</b></i>, such as, -</span><div><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">1.</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> <u>HIV/AIDS Counselling</u>,</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></i></div><div><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">2.</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> <u>Protesting against Drug Abuse</u>,</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></i></div><div><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">3.</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> <u>Working on Environmental Issues</u>,</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></i></div><div><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">4.</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> <u>Arts and Culture</u>,</span></i></div><div><i><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></i></div><div><i><b><span style="font-size: small;">5.</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> <u>Training the rural youth in handicrafts...</u> and so on.</span></i></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div><span style="font-size: small;">We are going to organise <b>Seminars</b>, <b>Workshops</b>, <b>Exhibitions</b>, <b>Rallies</b>, and <b>Campaigns</b> on various issues from time to time... </span></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></div><div id="sites-canvas-bottom-panel" style="background-color: transparent !important; background-image: none !important;"><div class="sites-canvas-bottom-panel-wrapper" id="COMP_page-subpages" style="padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="sites-subpages" style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px;">Subpages <span id="subpages-total-number" style="margin-right: 6px;">(1):</span> <span style="margin-right: 6px;"><a dir="ltr" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/home/hindi-version" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">हिंदी संस्करण</a></span></div></div></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></div><div id="sites-chrome-footer-wrapper" style="background-color: #e9eccf; margin-bottom: 15px;"><div id="sites-chrome-footer-wrapper-inside"><div id="sites-chrome-footer" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(160, 170, 109); border-top-style: dotted; border-top-width: 1px; font-family: arial !important;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sites-adminfooter" style="font-size: 11px; text-align: center;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><a class="sites-system-link" href="https://www.google.com/a/UniversalLogin?service=jotspot&continue=https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/home" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">Sign in</a> <a class="sites-system-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/system/app/pages/recentChanges" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">Recent Site Activity</a> <a class="sites-system-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/system/app/pages/admin/revisions?wuid=wuid:gx:7d385a16c8d80656" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">Revision History</a> <a class="sites-system-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">Terms</a> <a class="sites-system-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/system/app/pages/reportAbuse?src=/home" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Report Abuse</a> <a class="sites-system-link" href="https://sites.google.com/site/teliamura/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">Print page</a> <b class="powered-by" style="color: rgb(238, 198, 128) !important;">Powered by <a href="http://sites.google.com/" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(51, 102, 255); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: rgb(255, 0, 252) !important; text-decoration: none;">Google Sites</a></b></div></div></div><div id="sites-chrome-onebar-footer"></div><div class="SkipThisFixedPosition top-iframe-wrapper" style="height: 34px; left: 0px; position: fixed; top: 0px !important; width: 1263px; z-index: 99997;"><iframe class="toolbarContainer" frameborder="0px" id="CWTBiframe0" scrolling="no" src="chrome-extension://bejbohlohkkgompgecdcbbglkpjfjgdj/Js/items/container/container.html?tabUrl=https://sites.google.com" style="height: 34px; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 1263px;"></iframe></div></div></div>jansankhya@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15957649016096301759noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4104592026381460168.post-44844069158307433222011-08-18T04:22:00.000-07:002011-08-18T04:22:42.898-07:00Census of India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
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<tr><td align="right" width="420"><img src="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/images/head_topMiddle.jpg" /></td><td valign="top" width="360"><div style="height: 20px; margin-top: 10px; width: 360px;"><div class="flr toplink" style="color: black; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/AboutUs/Contactus/Contactus.html" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="">Contact Us</a></div><div class="flr toplink_saperator" style="float: right; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 4px; width: 1px;">|</div><div class="flr toplink" style="color: black; 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font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="">Feedback</a></div><div class="flr toplink_saperator" style="float: right; margin-left: 4px; margin-right: 4px; width: 1px;">|</div><div class="flr toplink" style="color: black; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/tender/" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="">Tender</a></div><div class="flr toplink_saperator" style="float: right; 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margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/default.aspx" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="">Home</a></div></div><div align="right" style="height: 20px; margin-top: 29px; width: 360px;"><div id="google_translate_element"><div class="skiptranslate goog-te-gadget" style="color: #666666; font-family: arial; font-size: 11px; white-space: nowrap;"><div class="goog-te-gadget-simple" id=":1.targetLanguage" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(232, 232, 232); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; 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padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></h2></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr class="tr2_1" style="height: 21px; width: 780px;"><td><div style="height: 25px; width: 780px;"><div class="flat" style="background-color: #f56924; float: left; height: 25px; width: 770px;"><div class="flat topmenu_seperator1" style="float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;" valign="middle"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/aboutus.html" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">About Us</a></div><div class="flat topmenu_seperator" style="background-color: white; float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/orgi_divisions.html" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Our Divisions</a></div><div class="flat topmenu_seperator" style="background-color: white; float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/aboutus/personnel/perdirectory.aspx" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Directory</a></div><div class="flat topmenu_seperator" style="background-color: white; float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-PhotoGallery/photo_gallery.aspx" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Photo Gallery</a></div><div class="flat topmenu_seperator" style="background-color: white; float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/hist_photo.html" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Historical Photographs</a></div><div class="flat topmenu_seperator" style="background-color: white; float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/census_inschool.html" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Census in Schools</a></div><div class="flat topmenu_seperator" style="background-color: white; float: left; height: 25px; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px; width: 1px;"></div><div class="flat topmenu paddingtop3" style="color: #ff3300; float: left; padding-top: 4px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/orginet/login.aspx" style="color: black; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ORGI Intranet</a></div></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://www.censusindia.gov.in/images/menu_bg_right.jpg); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 25px; width: 5px;"></div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr class="tr1" style="height: 134px; width: 1000px;"><td class="td1" style="height: 134px; vertical-align: top; width: 206px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/censuslogo.html" style="color: #f56924; text-decoration: none;">About new Census Logo</a></div><div style="width: 206px;"><div class="sdmenu" id="my_menu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/bottom.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 100%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 206px;"><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/title.jpg); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/expanded.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: default; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; padding-top: 5px;">Census 2011 & NPR</span><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/why_imp.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Why it's important</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Act&Rules/index.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Act, Rules & Notifications</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Schedule/Index.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Census Schedules</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-manuals/manuals.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Census Manuals</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/Circular.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Circulars & Downloads</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/MDDS_Directory.aspx" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Geographical Code Directory</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/training/default.aspx" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Training</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-FAQ/FAQ.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">FAQs</a></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/title.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/expanded.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: default; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; padding-top: 5px;">2011 Census Data <img src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/new11.gif" /></span><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/census2011_paper1_states.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Prov. Population Totals Paper 1</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/census2011_paper2.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Prov. Population Totals Paper 2</a><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/census_info.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">CensusInfo India Dashboard</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/maps2011.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Administrative Atlas</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/ahsurvey.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Annual Health Survey</a></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/title.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/expanded.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: default; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; padding-top: 5px;">Census Newsroom</span><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Census_news.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Census News</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Drop-in-Articles</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Ad_Campaigns.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Ad Campaigns</a></div><div class="collapsed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/title.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; height: 25px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/collapsed.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: default; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; padding-top: 5px;">2001 Census Data</span><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/CensusDataSummary.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Data Summary</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Population Finder</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Census 2001 Data Online</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/training/district_pdf_search/district_pdf.aspx" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Gender Data sheet (A4)</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/maps.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Maps</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/dataproducts.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Data Products</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/VitalStatistics.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Vital Statistics</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_survey_india.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Linguistic Survey of India</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/Library.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Library</a></div><div class="collapsed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/title.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; height: 25px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/collapsed.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; color: white; cursor: default; display: block; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 25px; padding-right: 25px; padding-top: 5px;">Jobs@Census</span><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/RecruitmentRules.aspx" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Recruitment Rules</a><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/career.html" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: gainsboro; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; display: block; float: right; font-size: 11px; height: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; width: 166px;">Current Openings</a></div></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/census_info.html" title="Census Info Dashboard 2011"><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/explore_db.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html" title="Paper-1 : India: Census 2011 "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/explorepaper1.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/census2011_paper2.html" title="Paper-2 : India: Census 2011 "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/explorepaper2.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/AHSurvey.html" title="Annual Health Survey "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/explore_ahs.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/VitalStatistics.html" title="Vital Statistics "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/explorevs.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_survey_india.html" title="Linguistic Survey of India "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/explore_lig.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/Census2011" title="Facebook "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/facebook.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div style="height: 33px; margin-top: 0px; width: 206px;"><a href="http://twitter.com/IndiaCensus2011" title="Twitter "><img border="0" height="28" src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/twiter.jpg" width="206" /></a></div><div align="center" style="height: 33px; margin-top: 5px; width: 200px;"><strong>124</strong><span style="color: grey;"> - Online Visitors</span></div></div><br />
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<tr class="tr2_1" style="height: 21px; width: 780px;"><td colspan="7"><div style="height: 25px; width: 780px;"><div class="flat" style="background-color: #f0f0f0; float: left; height: 25px; width: 775px;"><div class="flat" style="background-color: #6e6e6e; color: white; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; height: 25px; padding-left: 30px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100px;"><div style="padding-top: 4px;">Latest News :</div></div><div class="flat" style="color: black; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; height: 25px; padding-left: 30px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 500px;"><div style="padding-top: 4px;"><marquee scrollamount="2" scrolldelay="20">The Provisional Population of India as per Census 2011 is 1.21 billion (or 121 crore) India is the second largest country in the world in terms of population after China (1.34 billion) The three most populous countries in the world, China (1.34 billion), India (1.21 billion) and USA (308.7 million) together constitutes more than 40% of the total population of the world.</marquee></div></div></div><div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://censusindia.gov.in/images/search_right.jpg); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; float: left; height: 25px; width: 5px;"></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr height="30"><td width="300"><div style="color: #666666; padding-top: 4px;">You are Here: Home</div></td><td width="175"></td><td width="257"></td><td width="248"><div style="color: #666666; margin-left: 20px; padding-top: 4px; text-align: right;">Last Updated on: 16-08-2011 12:33:23 IST</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3" valign="top"><div style="height: 256px; width: 520px;"><div id="fadeshow1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; height: 256px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 519px; z-index: -10000;"><div class="gallerylayer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; height: 256px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 519px; z-index: 1000;"><img src="http://censusindia.gov.in/pictures/_6.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-left: 31px; margin-top: 0px;" /></div><div class="gallerylayer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; height: 256px; left: 0px; opacity: 1; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 519px; z-index: 999;"><img src="http://censusindia.gov.in/pictures/_00.jpg" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; display: inline; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" /></div><div class="fadeslidedescdiv" style="font: normal normal normal 11px/normal Verdana; height: 34px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 254.26646878793048px; visibility: visible; width: 519px; z-index: 1001;"><div class="descpanelbg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: black; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; height: 34px; left: 0px; opacity: 0.7; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 511px;"></div><div class="descpanelfg" style="color: white; height: 34px; left: 0px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 511px;">India Post released a commemorative stamp on Census of India 2011</div></div></div></div><hr noshade="" /><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f56924; font-size: xx-small;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">The Indian Census is the most credible source of information on Demography (Population characterstics), Economic Activity, Literacy and Education, Housing & Household Amenities, Urbanisation, Fertility and Mortality <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/why_imp.html" style="text-decoration: none;"> + more</a></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="margintop15" style="height: 25px; margin-top: 5px; text-align: center; width: 520px;"><img src="http://censusindia.gov.in/images/blog_head.jpg" /></div><div class="margintop15" style="margin-top: 5px; text-align: center;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Arial; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f56924; font-size: xx-small;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">- Census 2011 covered 35 States/Union Territories, 640 districts, 5,924 sub-districts, 7,935 Towns and 6,40,867 Villages. In Census 2001, the corresponding figures were 593 Districts, 5,463 sub-Districts, 5,161 Towns and 6,38,588 Villages. There is an increase of 47 Districts, 461 Sub Districts, 2774 Towns (242 Statutory and 2532 Census Towns) and 2279 Villages in Census 2011 as compared to Census 2001.</span></div><br />
<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f56924; font-size: xx-small;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">- The growth rate of population for India in the last decade was 17.64%. The growth rate of population in rural and urban areas was 12.18% and 31.80% respectively. Bihar (23.90%) exhibited the highest decadal growth rate in rural population.</span></div><br />
<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f56924; font-size: xx-small;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;">- India’s population in 1901 was about 238.4 million, which has increased by more than four times in 110 years to reach a population of 1,210 million in 2011.</span></div><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"></span></div><span style="color: black; font-size: xx-small;"><div class="margintop15" style="margin-top: 5px; text-align: center; width: 520px;">.............................................................................................................................................................................<table class="style12" style="width: 520px;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="style10" style="height: 10px;"><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Schedule/Index.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Census Schedules</a></div></td><td class="style10" style="height: 10px;"><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Ad_Campaigns.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Ad Campaigns</a></div></td><td class="style10" style="height: 10px;"><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/CensusDataSummary.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Census Data Summary</a></div></td><td class="style10" style="height: 10px;"><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Footer_Menus/Right_to_Information/Right_to_Information_List.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Right to Information</a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-manuals/manuals.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Census Manuals</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Census_news.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Census News</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Population Finder</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/registration/Recommend_us.aspx" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Recommend this Site</a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/Circular.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Circulars</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/press_2011.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Press Releases</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Registration/Registration_Entry_form.aspx" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">User Registration</a><a href="" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></a></div><a href=""></a></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Footer_Menus/Disclaimer.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Website Policy & Disclaimer</a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/training/" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Training</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-PhotoGallery/photo_gallery.aspx" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Photo Gallery</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Census 2001 Data Online</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Footer_Menus/related_site.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Related Sites</a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-FAQ/FAQ.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">FAQ</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in//Ad_Campaign/drop_in_articles.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Drop-in-Articles</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/maps.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Maps</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Footer_Menus/Sitemap.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Site Map</a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"> </div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/hist_photo.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Historical Photographs</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/dataproducts.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Data Products</a></div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/census_info.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">CensusInfo India Dashboard</a></div></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"> </div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"> </div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/Library.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Library</a></div></td><td></td><td> </td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"> </div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"> </div></td><td><div class="botomlink" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/VitalStatistics.html" style="color: #acadff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">Vital Statistics</a></div></td><td> </td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="margintop15 copyright" style="color: #6263be; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 15px; text-align: center;">© 2010-11 - The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi-110011</div></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></div></form><div class="SkipThisFixedPosition top-iframe-wrapper" style="height: 34px; left: 0px; position: fixed; top: 0px !important; width: 1263px; z-index: 99997;"><iframe class="toolbarContainer" frameborder="0px" id="CWTBiframe0" scrolling="no" src="chrome-extension://bejbohlohkkgompgecdcbbglkpjfjgdj/Js/items/container/container.html?tabUrl=http://censusindia.gov.in" style="height: 34px; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 1263px;"></iframe></div></div>jansankhya@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15957649016096301759noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4104592026381460168.post-36868876810244236912011-08-18T04:09:00.000-07:002011-08-18T04:09:36.170-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"></span><br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Human population control</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 1071px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 352px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="178" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg/350px-Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="350" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countriesbyfertilityrate.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>A world map showing countries by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a>. Period 2005-2010. (See <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">List of countries and territories by fertility rate</a>.</i>)<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="multicol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11px; width: 346px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ae23ae; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 7-8 Children</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: magenta; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 6-7 Children</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: red; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 5-6 Children</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ff6600; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 4-5 Children</div></td><td align="left" valign="top"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: yellow; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 3-4 Children</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: lime; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 2-3 Children</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #20dfd8; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 1-2 Children</div><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #35b0e3; border-bottom-color: black; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: black; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: black; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: black; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; display: inline-block; font-size: 11px; height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> 0-1 Children</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>Human population control</b> is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting the population's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Poverty">poverty</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrying_capacity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carrying capacity">environmental concerns</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religious reasons</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a>. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Worldwide, the population control movement was active throughout the 1960s and 1970s, driving many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_health" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Family planning">family planning</a> programs. In the 1980s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_rights" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> as part of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights">human rights</a>-based approach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in the early 1990s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;">[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Methods" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#History" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Ancient_times_through_Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient times through Middle Ages</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#16th_and_17th_centuries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">16th and 17th centuries</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#The_population_control_movement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The population control movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Population_control_and_economics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Population control and economics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Contemporary_research" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary research</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Support_for_population_control" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Support for population control</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Opposition_to_population_control" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition to population control</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Present-day_practice_by_countries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Present-day practice by countries</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Iran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Iran</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#Further_reading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Population control may use one or more of the following practices although there are other methods as well:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Birth control">contraception</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sexual abstinence">abstinence</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">medical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Abortion">abortion</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Emigration">emigration</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reduction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Immigration reduction">decreasing immigration</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sterilization">sterilization</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The method(s) chosen can be strongly influenced by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religious</a> and cultural beliefs of community members. The failure of other methods of population control can lead to the use of abortion or infanticide as solutions<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>. While a specific population control practice may be legal/mandated in one country, it may be illegal or restricted in another, indicative of the controversy surrounding this topic.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ancient times through Middle Ages">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_times_through_Middle_Ages">Ancient times through Middle Ages</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population. At about 300 BCE in India, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautilya" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosopher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a> (c. 350-283 BCE), considered population as a source of political, economic, and military strength. Though a given region can house too many or too few people, he considered the latter possibility to be the greater evil. Kautilya favored the remarriage of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widows" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Widows">widows</a> (which at the time was forbidden in India), opposed taxes that encourage emigration, and believed that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> should be restricted to the aged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_3-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427-347 BCE) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384-322 BCE) discussed the best population size for Greek <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_states" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="City states">city states</a> such as Sparta, and concluded that cities should be small enough for efficient administration and direct citizen participation in public affairs, but at the same time needed to be large enough to defend themselves against hostile neighboring city states. In order to maintain a desired population size, the philosophers advised that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procreation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Procreation">procreation</a>, and if necessary, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Immigration">immigration</a>, should be encouraged if the population size was too small.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Emigration">Emigration</a> to colonies would be encouraged should the population become too large.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_6_4-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_6-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Aristotle concluded that a large increase in population would bring, "certain poverty on the citizenry, and poverty is the cause of sedition and evil." To halt rapid population increase, Aristotle advocated the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and the exposure of newborns.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> (551-478 BCE) and other Chinese writers cautioned that, "excessive growth may reduce output per worker, repress levels of living for the masses and engender strife." Confucius also observed that, "mortality increases when food supply is insufficient; that permanent marriage makes for high infantile mortality rates, that war checks population growth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_6_4-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_6-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, especially in the time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (63 BCE- CE 14), needed manpower to acquire and administer the vast <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. A series of laws were instituted to encourage early marriage and frequent childbirth. Lex Julia (18 BCE) and the Lex Papia Poppaea (CE 9) are two well known examples of such laws, which among others, provided tax breaks and preferential treatment when applying for public office for those that complied with the laws. Severe limitations were imposed on those who did not. For example, the surviving spouse of a childless couple could only inherit one-tenth of the deceased fortune, while the rest was taken by the state. These laws encountered resistance from the population which led to the disregard of their provisions and to their eventual abolition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_3-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, an early Christian author (ca. CE 160-220), was one of the first to describe famine and war as factors that can prevent overpopulation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_7_3-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_7-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "The strongest witness is the vast population of the earth to which we are a burden and she scarcely can provide for our needs; as our demands grow greater, our complaints against Nature's inadequacy are heard by all. The scourges of pestilence, famine, wars and earthquakes have come to be regarded as a blessing to overcrowded nations, since they serve to prune away the luxuriant growth of the human race."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_6-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath94-page8-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a>, a famous <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="North African">North African</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Polymath">polymath</a> (1332–1406), considered population changes to be connected to economic development, linking high birth rates and low death rates to times of economic upswing, and low birth rates and high death rates to economic downswing. Khaldoun concluded that high <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Population density">population density</a> rather than high absolute population numbers were desirable to achieve more efficient division of labour and cheap administration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_6-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath94-page8-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Christian Europe, population issues were rarely discussed in isolation. Attitudes were generally pro-<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Natalist">natalist</a> in line with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> command, "Be ye fruitful and multiply."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath94-page8_6-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath94-page8-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The means of controlling and regulating populations can be traced back to many cultures. "Infanticide, or the killing of infants and young children, has occurred since early times. In early Rome, the father was given complete power to kill, abandon, or even sell his child. In Greek legend, Odepus was doomed to death until he was rescued by a family retainer. In Hawaii, China, and Japan, many female or disabled children were killed to maintain a strong race without overpopulation. Infanticide was practiced for many reasons. Like the Hawaiians, Chinese, and Japanese, some cultures saw the practice of infanticide as a means of controlling and regulating the population so that society's resources could be expended on the strongest and most valuable (Crosson, Cynthia)."</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th centuries">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="16th_and_17th_centuries">16th and 17th centuries</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">European cities grew more rapidly than before, and throughout the 16th century and early 17th century discussions on the advantages and disadvantages of population growth were frequent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_10_7-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_10-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, an Italian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosopher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a>, wrote, "When every province of the world so teems with inhabitants that they can neither subsist where they are nor remove themselves elsewhere... the world will purge itself in one or another of these three ways," listing <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Floods">floods</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Yersinia pestis">plague</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Famine">famine</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_8-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monk">monk</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Theology">theologian</a> (1483–1546), concluded on the issue, "God makes children. He is also going to feed them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_8-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>, a French <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a> (1530–1596), argued that a larger population would mean more production and in turn more export, which would increase the influx of silver and gold, and thus increase the riches of a country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_8-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Giovanni Botero">Giovanni Botero</a>, an Italian priest and diplomat (1540–1617), emphasized that, "the greatness of a city rests on the multitude of its inhabitants and their power," but pointed out that a population cannot increase beyond its food supply. If this limit was approached, late marriage, emigration, and war would serve to restore the balance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_9_8-3" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_9-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, an English writer (1527–1616), observed that, "Throughe our longe peace and seldome sickness... wee are growen more populous than ever heretofore;... many thousandes of idle persons are within this realme, which, havinge no way to be sett on worke, be either mutinous and seeke alteration in the state, or at leaste very burdensome to the commonwealthe." Hakluyt believed that this led to crime and full jails and in <i>A Discourse on Western Planting</i> (1584), Hakluyt advocated for the emigration of the surplus population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Neurath_1994_10_7-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Neurath_1994_10-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>With the onset of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Year_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thirty Year War">Thirty Year War</a> (1618–1648), characterized by widespread devastation and deaths brought on by hunger and disease in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>, concerns about depopulation returned.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The population control movement">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_population_control_movement">The population control movement</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the 20th century, population control proponents have drawn from the insights of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, a British clergyman and economist who published <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i> in 1798. Malthus argued that, "Population, when unchecked, increases in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Progression" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Geometric Progression">geometrical</a> ratio. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Subsistence">Subsistence</a> increases only in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_progression" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Arithmetic progression">arithmetical</a> ratio." He also outlined the idea of "positive checks" and "preventative checks." "Positive checks," such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="War">war</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Disaster">disaster</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Famine">famine</a>, are factors that Malthus considered to increase the death rate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-geography.about.com_10-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-geography.about.com-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">"Preventative checks" were factors that Malthus believed to affect the birth rate such as moral restraint, abstinence and birth control.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-geography.about.com_10-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-geography.about.com-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> He predicted that "positive checks" on<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Exponential growth">exponential population growth</a> would ultimately save humanity from itself and that human misery was an "absolute necessary consequence."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_2.E2.80.933_11-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_2.E2.80.933-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Malthus went on to explain why he believed that this misery affected the poor in a disproportionate manner.</div><blockquote><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">[There is a] constant effort towards an increase in population [which tends to] subject the lower classes of society to distress and to prevent any great permanent amelioration of their condition…The way in which these effects are produced seems to be this. We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population …increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food, therefore which before supplied seven millions must now be divided among seven millions and half or eight millions. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them be reduced to severe distress.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Finally, Malthus advocated for the education of the lower class about the use of "moral restraint," or voluntary abstinence, which he believed would slow the growth rate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a>, a US biologist and environmentalist, published <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a></i> in 1968, advocating stringent population control policies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> His central argument on population is as follows:</div><blockquote><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">A cancer is an uncontrolled multiplication of cells; the population explosion is an uncontrolled multiplication of people. Treating only the symptoms of cancer may make the victim more comfortable at first, but eventually he dies - often horribly. A similar fate awaits a world with a population explosion if only the symptoms are treated. We must shift our efforts from treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of the cancer. The operation will demand many apparent brutal and heartless decisions. The pain may be intense. But the disease is so far advanced that only with radical surgery does the patient have a chance to survive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_3_15-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_3-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In his concluding chapter, Ehrlich offered a partial solution to the "population problem," "[We need] compulsory birth regulation... [through] the addition of temporary sterilants to water supplies or staple food. Doses of the antidote would be carefully rationed by the government to produce the desired family size".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_3_15-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_3-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Ehrlich's views came to be accepted by many population control advocates in the United States and Europe in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Since Ehrlich introduced his idea of the "population bomb," overpopulation has been blamed for a variety of issues, including increasing poverty, high unemployment rates, environmental degradation, famine and genocide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knudsen_2006_2.E2.80.933_11-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-Knudsen_2006_2.E2.80.933-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> In a 2004 interview, Ehrlich reviewed the predictions in his book, and found that while the specific dates within his predictions may have been wrong, his predictions about climate change and disease were valid. Ehrlich continued to advocate for population control and co-authored the book <i>The Population Explosion</i>, released in 1990 with his wife Anne Ehrlich.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Paige Whaley Eager argues that the shift in perception that occurred in the 1960s must be understood in the context of the demographic changes that took place at the time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WhaleyEager_17-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-WhaleyEager-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> It was only in the first decade of the 19th century that the world's population reached one billion. The second billion was added in the 1930s, and the next billion in the 1960s. 90 percent of this net increase occurred in developing countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WhaleyEager_17-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-WhaleyEager-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Eager also argues that, at the time, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> recognised that these demographic changes could significantly affect global geopolitics. Large increases occurred in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and demographers warned of a "population explosion," particularly in developing countries from the mid-1950s onwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Population control and economics">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Population_control_and_economics">Population control and economics</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic-economic_paradox" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Demographic-economic paradox">Demographic-economic paradox</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_gift" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Demographic gift">demographic gift</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Opinions vary among economists about the effects of population change on a nation's economic health. Recent US scientific research concluded that the raising of a child costs about $16,000 yearly ($291,570 total for raising him/her up to his/her 18th birthday).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In the USA, the multiplication of this number with the yearly population growth will yield the overall cost of the population growth. Costs for other developed countries are usually similar.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">While some believe that reduction of the population is a key to economic growth, others argue that population reduction should be focused on what they judge to be undesirable sections of the population (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a>). Other economists doubt that a correlation between population reduction and economic growth exists. Some economists, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> have argued that poverty and famine are caused by bad government and bad economic policies, not by overpopulation.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In his book, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ultimate_Resource" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Ultimate Resource">The Ultimate Resource</a>, economist <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Lincoln_Simon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Julian Lincoln Simon">Julian Simon</a> argued that higher population density leads to more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialization_(functional)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Specialization (functional)">specialization</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Technological innovation">technological innovation</a>, which in turn leads to a higher standard of living. He claimed that human beings are the ultimate resource since we possess "productive and inventive minds that help find creative solutions to man’s problems, thus leaving us better off over the long run".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> He also claimed that, "Our species is better off in just about every measurable material way."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wired.com_23-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-wired.com-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may lack sufficient context from July 2011">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PCR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:PCR">context?</a></i>]</sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Simon also claimed that if you considered a list of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by population density">countries ranked in order by population density</a>, there is no correlation between population density and poverty and famine, and instead, if you considered a list of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">countries ranked in order by corruption within their respective governments</a>, there is a significant correlation between government corruption and poverty and famine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Contemporary research">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_research">Contemporary research</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">It is generally accepted that overpopulation is aggravated by poverty and gender inequality with consequent unavailability, and lack of knowledge of contraception. Third world evidence usually bears this theory out. However, first and second world fertility rates, in the Depression era United States, modern Russia, Japan, Italy, Sweden, Estonia and France suggest that these populations are responding inversely to poverty and economic pressures, especially on women.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Thus, France is increasing social and women's services, like childcare and parental leave, expecting the policy to stop the aging of its population. Italy is regarded as alleviating overpopulation more rapidly than Sweden as a result of less gender equality and fewer children's services.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2007">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Newer research has been done by the U.S. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(USA)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="National Security Council (USA)">National Security Council</a>, in a study entitled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a>, under the direction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> in 1974. This report stressed that only 13 countries are projected to account for 47 percent of the world population increase by the year 2050. This, it is argued, (due to its impact on development, food requirements, resources and the environment) adversely affected the welfare and progress of countries concerned. It further argued that this would undermine the stability of countries friendly to the US and therefore harm the "national security" of the US as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, and Mario Giampietro, senior researcher at the National Research Institute on Food and Nutrition (INRAN), place in their study <i>Food, Land, Population and the U.S. Economy</i> the maximum <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._population" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. population">U.S. population</a> for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sustainability">sustainable economy</a> at 200 million. To achieve a sustainable economy and avert disaster, the United States must reduce its population by at least one-third, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="World population">world population</a> will have to be reduced by two-thirds, says the study.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> A more recent study by Pimentel and colleagues (2010) suggests that the Earth can support a population of two billion individuals, but only if all individuals are willing to live at a European standard of living and use natural resources <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sustainability">sustainably</a>. These researchers state that reducing population from today's level of over 6.8 billion to the suggested 2 billion would take slightly longer than 100 years if every couple, worldwide, agrees to produce an average of only one child. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Pimentel and Giampietro believe that agricultural crises will develop, but they will only begin to impact us after 2020, and will not become critical until 2050.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Geologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Allen_Pfeiffer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dale Allen Pfeiffer">Dale Allen Pfeiffer</a> claims that coming decades could see spiraling food prices without relief and massive starvation on a global level never experienced before.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Another study has been done by the National Audubon Society which recently released a 16-page document called "Population and Habitat: Making the Connection." In this study, population control is widely supported.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Support for population control">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Support_for_population_control">Support for population control</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Population control is also increasingly being featured in many environmental documentaries and films. An example is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Planet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Planet">The Planet</a>-documentary, which describes the ongoing rising human population, its effects on the planet, and the necessity of population control.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">As early as 1798, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> stated in his <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Essay on the Principle of Population">Essay on the Principle of Population</a> that population control needed to be implemented into society. Around the year 1900, Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> said in his publication called "<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_Improvement&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Hereditary Improvement (page does not exist)">Hereditary Improvement</a>" that, "The unfit could become enemies to the State, if they continue to propagate." In 1968, Paul Ehrlich noted in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Population_Bomb" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Population Bomb">The Population Bomb</a></i> that, "We must cut the cancer of population growth," and that, "if this was not done, there would be only one other solution, namely the ‘death rate solution’ in which we raise the death rate through war-famine-pestilence etc.”</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the same year, another prominent modern advocate for mandatory population control was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a>, who proposed in his landmark 1968 essay <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tragedy of the commons">The Tragedy of the Commons</a></i> that society must relinquish the "freedom to breed" through "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon." Later on, in 1972, he reaffirmed his support in his new essay “<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_New_Ethics_for_Survival&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Exploring New Ethics for Survival (page does not exist)">Exploring New Ethics for Survival</a>”, by stating that, “We are breeding ourselves into oblivion.” Prominent personalities like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> (1939), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick Osborn">Frederick Osborn</a> (1952),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> also advocated population control.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Today, a number of influential people advocate population control. They are:</div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Attenborough" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Arth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael E. Arth">Michael E. Arth</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathon_Porritt" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jonathon Porritt">Jonathon Porritt</a>, UK sustainable development commissioner<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Parkin" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sara Parkin">Sara Parkin</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crispin_Tickell" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Crispin Tickell">Crispin Tickell</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup></li>
</ul><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The head of the UN <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Project" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Millennium Project">Millennium Project</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> is also a heavy proponent of decreasing the effects of overpopulation. In 2007, Jeffrey Sachs gave a number of lectures (2007 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reith_Lectures" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Reith Lectures">Reith Lectures</a>) about population control and overpopulation. In his lectures, called "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursting_at_the_seams_(Reith_lectures)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bursting at the seams (Reith lectures)">Bursting at the Seams</a>", he featured an integrated approach that would deal with a number of problems associated with overpopulation and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_reduction" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Poverty reduction">poverty reduction</a>. For example, when criticized for advocating mosquito nets he argued that child survival was, "by far one of the most powerful ways," to achieve fertility reduction, as this would assure poor families that the smaller number of children they had would survive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Opposition to population control">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Opposition_to_population_control">Opposition to population control</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> has opposed abortion, sterilization, and contraception as a general practice, but specifically in regard to population control policies.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2010">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> has stated that "The extermination of millions of unborn children, in the name of the fight against poverty, actually constitutes the destruction of the poorest of all human beings".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> The Roman Catholic Church believes that the world is supportable for an unlimited number of human beings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Present-day practice by countries">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Present-day_practice_by_countries">Present-day practice by countries</span></h2><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The most significant modern population control system is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>, in which, with various exceptions, having more than one child is discouraged. Unauthorized births are punished by fines, although there have also been allegations of illegal forced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Abortion">abortions</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_sterilization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dewey_41-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-dewey-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The Chinese government introduced the policy in 1978 to alleviate the social and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental issues in the People's Republic of China">environmental problems of China</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> According to government officials, the policy has helped prevent 400 million births. The success of the policy has been questioned, and reduction in fertility has also been attributed to the modernization of China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> The policy is controversial both within and outside of China because of the issues it raises, the manner in which the policy has been implemented and because of concerns about negative economic and social consequences.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Family planning in India">Family planning in India</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Only those with two or fewer children are eligible for election to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_panchayat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gram panchayat">Gram panchayat</a>, or local government.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>We two, ours two ("Hum do, hamare do" in Hindi)</i> is a slogan meaning <i>one family, two children</i> and is intended to reinforce the message of family planning thereby aiding population control.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Iran">Iran</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Family planning in Iran">Family planning in Iran</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran">Iran</a> has succeeded in sharply reducing its birth rate in recent years. Iran is the only country where mandatory contraceptive courses are required for both males and females before a marriage license can be obtained. The government emphasizes the benefits of smaller families and the use of contraception.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_population_control&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Enacted in 1970, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_X" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Title X">Title X</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a> provides access to contraceptive services, supplies and information to those in need. Priority for services is given to people with low-incomes. The Title X Family Planning program is administered through the Office of Population Affairs under the Office of Public Health and science. It is directed by the Office of Family Planning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pop_45-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-pop-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Congress appropriated roughly $283 million for family planning under Title X, at least 90 percent of which was used for services in family planning clinics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pop_45-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-pop-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup>Title X is a vital source of funding for family planning clinics throughout the nation,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pp_46-0" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-pp-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> which provide reproductive health care.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The education and services supplied by the Title X-funded clinics support young individuals and low-income families. The goals of developing healthy families are accomplished by helping individuals and couples decide whether to have children and when the appropriate time to do so would be.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pp_46-1" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-pp-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Title X has made the prevention of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_pregnancies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Unintended pregnancies">unintended pregnancies</a> possible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pp_46-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-pp-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> It has allowed millions of American women to receive necessary reproductive health care, plan their pregnancies and prevent abortions. Title X is dedicated exclusively to funding family planning and reproductive health care services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pop_45-2" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-pop-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Title X as a percentage of total public funding to family planning client services has steadily declined from 44% of total expenditures in 1980 to 12% in 2006. Medicaid has increased from 20% to 71% in the same time. In 2006, Medicaid contributed $1.3 billion to public family planning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_control#cite_note-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></div></div></div>jansankhya@gmail.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15957649016096301759noreply@blogger.com0